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Functional Urinary Incontinence

Inability of usually continent person to reach toilet in time to avoid unintentional loss of urine Defining Characteristics: The relationship between functional limitations and urinary incontinence remains controversial (Hunskaar et al, 1999). While functional impairment clearly exacerbates the severity of urinary incontinence, the underlying factors that contribute to these functional limitations themselves contribute to abnormal lower urinary tract function and impaired continence. Related Factors: Cognitive disorders (delirium, dementias, severe or profound retardation);  neuromuscular limitations impairing mobility or dexterity;  impaired vision;  psychological factors;  weakened supporting pelvic structures;  environmental barriers to toileting. NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification) Suggested NOC Labels Urinary Continence Urinary Elimination Client Outcomes Eliminates or reduces incontinent episodes Eliminates or overcomes environmental barriers to toileting Uses ad
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Hopelessness

A subjective state in which an individual sees limited or unavailable alternatives or personal choices and is unable to mobilize energy on own behalf Defining Characteristics: Passivity;  decreased verbalization;  decreased affect;  verbal cues (e.g., saying "I can't," sighing);  closing eyes;  decreased appetite;  decreased response to stimuli;  increased/decreased sleep;  lack of initiative;  lack of involvement in care;  passively allowing care;  shrugging in response to speaker;  turning away from speaker Related Factors: Abandonment;  prolonged activity restriction creating isolation;  lost beliefs in transcendent values/God; long-term stress;  failing or deteriorating physiological condition NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification) Suggested NOC Labels Decision Making Hope Mood Equilibrium Nutritional States: Food and Fluid Intake Quality of Life Sleep Client Outcomes Verbalizes feelings, participates in care Makes positive statements (e.g., "I can"
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Impaired Comfort—pruritis

State in which an individual experiences an uncomfortable sensation in response to a noxious stimulus (Carpenito, 1993) Defining Characteristics: Verbalization or demonstration of discomfort, itching, reddened irritated skin Related Factors:  Chemical irritants, dry skin NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification) Suggested NOC Labels Comfort Level Client Outcomes States he or she is comfortable, itching relieved Explains methods to decrease itching NIC Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification) Suggested NIC Labels Pruritis Management Nursing Interventions and Rationales 1. Determine cause of pruritus (e.g., dry skin, contact with irritating substance, medication side effect, insect bite, infection, symptom of systemic disease). The etiology of pruritus helps direct treatment. Pruritus may be caused by serious illnesses such as renal failure, liver failure, malignancy, or diabetes (Eaglestein, McKay, Pariser, 1994), as well as by dry skin and various skin conditions
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Impaired Gas exchange

Excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolar-capillary membrane Defining Characteristics: Visual disturbances;  decreased carbon dioxide;  dyspnea;  abnormal arterial blood gases;  hypoxia;  irritability;  somnolence;  restlessness;  hypercapnia; tachycardia;  cyanosis (in neonates only);  abnormal skin color (pale, dusky);  hypoxemia;  hypercarbia;  headache on awakening;  abnormal rate, rhythm, depth of breathing;  diaphoresis;  abnormal arterial pH;  nasal flaring NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification) Suggested NOC Labels Respiratory Status: Gas Exchange Respiratory Status: Ventilation Tissue Perfusion: Pulmonary Vital Signs Status Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Client Outcomes Demonstrates improved ventilation and adequate oxygenation as evidenced by blood gases within client's normal parameters Maintains clear lung fields and remains free of signs of respiratory distress Verbalizes understanding of oxygen and other therapeutic
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Impaired Oral mucous membrane

Disruptions of the lips and soft tissues of the oral cavity Defining Characteristics: Purulent drainage or exudates;  gingival recession, pockets deeper than 4 mm;  enlarged tonsils beyond what is developmentally appropriate;  smooth atrophic, sensitive tongue;  geographic tongue;  mucosal denudation;  presence of pathogens;  difficult speech;  self-report of bad taste;  gingival or mucosal pallor;  oral pain/discomfort;  xerostomia (dry mouth);  vesicles, nodules, or papules;  white patches/plaques, spongy patches, or white curd-like exudate;  oral lesions or ulcers;  halitosis;  edema;  hyperemia;  desquamation;  coated tongue;  stomatitis;  self-report of difficult eating or swallowing;  self-report of diminished or absent taste;  bleeding; macroplasia; gingival hyperplasia;  fissures, cheilitis;  red or bluish masses (e.g., hemangiomas) Related Factors: Chemotherapy;  chemical (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, acidic foods, regular use of inhalers);  depression;  immunosuppression;  aging-r
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Impaired Parenting

Inability of the primary caretaker to create, maintain, or regain an environment that promotes the optimum growth and development of the child Defining Characteristics: Infant/child Poor academic performance;  frequent illness;  runaway;  incidence of physical and psychological trauma or abuse;  frequent accidents;  lack of attachment;  failure to thrive;  behavioral disorders;  poor social competence;  lack of separation anxiety;  poor cognitive development Parental Inappropriate child care arrangements;  rejection of or hostility to child;  statements of inability to meet child's needs;  inflexibility in meeting needs of child or situation;  poor or inappropriate caretaking skills;  regularly punitive;  inconsistent care;  child abuse;  inadequate child health maintenance;  unsafe home environment;  verbalization of inability to control child;  negative statements about child;  verbalization of role inadequacy or frustration;  inappropriate visual, tactile, auditory stimulation
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Impaired Physical Mobility

A limitation in independent, purposeful physical movement of the body or of one or more extremities Defining Characteristics: Postural instability during performance of routine activities of daily living (ADLs);  limited ability to perform gross motor skills;  limited ability to perform fine motor skills;  uncoordinated or jerky movements;  limited range of motion;  difficulty turning;  decreased reaction time;  movement-induced shortness of breath;  gait changes (e.g., decreased walking speed, difficulty initiating gait, small steps, shuffles feet, exaggerated lateral postural sway);  engages in substitutions for movement (e.g., increased attention to other's activity, controlling behavior, focus on preillness/predisability);  slowed movement;  movement-induced tremor Related Factors: Medications;  prescribed movement restrictions;  discomfort;  lack of knowledge regarding value of physical activity;  body mass index >30;  sensoriperceptual impairments;  neuromuscular impair
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